At present, the global manufacturing industry is undergoing profound changes. Influenced by multiple factors such as the rise of anti globalization and protectionism, the reconstruction of international economic and trade rules, the relocation of industrial chains promoted by developed countries, and the acceleration of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, the global manufacturing industry and the supply chain structure of industrial chains will be adjusted and reshaped in the direction of regionalization, localization, diversification, digitization, etc. in the future. Countries need to strengthen cooperation, learn from and learn from each other, jointly seize the opportunity of a new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution, enhance the technological innovation capability of the manufacturing industry, and promote the quality, efficiency, and power changes of the manufacturing industry.

The development and pattern evolution of manufacturing industry have an important impact on the world economy. Since World War II, the global manufacturing industry has experienced multiple transfers, forming a global industrial chain supply chain division pattern dominated by “three centers”. At present, under the influence of multiple factors such as counter globalization, intensified trade protectionism, the impact of the COVID-19, and the Ukrainian crisis, the supply chain of the global manufacturing industry chain is accelerating its adjustment towards regionalization, localization, diversification, and digitalization.

Global manufacturing industry forms “three centers”

Since the industrial revolution in the 19th century, the global manufacturing industry has experienced the development process of transferring from the United Kingdom and the United States to Japan and Germany, and then from European and American countries and Japan to the “Asian Four Dragons” and then to China, forming a North American supply chain with the United States as the center, a European supply chain with Germany as the center, and an Asian supply chain network with China, Japan and South Korea as the center. The global manufacturing industry centers on Germany, China, Japan, South Korea and other major manufacturing countries, and forms “three centers” of global manufacturing industry with different characteristics and advantages through cooperation with the industrial chain supply chain of neighboring countries.

First, the North American manufacturing center with the United States as the core, radiating and driving Canada and Mexico. As one of the most developed industrial countries in the world, the manufacturing added value of the United States in 2021 will be US $2.50 trillion, accounting for 10.7% of GDP and 15.3% of global manufacturing added value, ranking second in the world. The United States has formed regional manufacturing clusters in the northeast, south and Pacific coastal areas across steel, automobile, aviation, petroleum, computers, chips and other fields, and has formed close industrial chain supply chain cooperation with Canada and Mexico. Statistics from the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the United States show that the import of goods from Canada and Mexico accounts for about 1/4 of the world’s imports, and the export of goods to Canada and Mexico accounts for 1/3 of the world’s exports.

Second, with Germany as the core, it radiates and drives the European manufacturing center of France, Britain and other old developed countries. This manufacturing center is not only the birthplace of the modern industrial revolution, with a rich history of manufacturing, but also has a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, which has injected sufficient vitality into the innovative development of European manufacturing industry. In 2021, Germany’s manufacturing added value will account for 4.7% of the global manufacturing added value, ranking fourth in the world. France and the United Kingdom accounted for 1.5% and 1.7% of the world’s manufacturing added value respectively. At the same time, the added value of EU manufacturing industry accounts for 15.6% of the world’s total, which is equivalent to the size and strength of the United States as a whole.

Third, with China, Japan and South Korea as the core, it is an Asian manufacturing center that radiates and drives Southeast Asia, South Asia and other countries. In recent years, thanks to the demographic dividend, the rapidly rising consumer market and the vigorous economic vitality, the Asian manufacturing center has formed the most complete industrial chain in the world, and has gradually developed into the high-end manufacturing industry. Even in some manufacturing technologies, it has formed a certain competitive advantage over Europe, America and other countries. Since China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, the proportion of added value of China’s manufacturing industry in the world has gradually increased, and it has surpassed Germany in 2001, Japan in 2007, and the United States in 2010, respectively, becoming the world’s largest manufacturing country for 12 consecutive years. In 2021, the added value of China’s manufacturing industry will reach 31.4 trillion yuan, increasing its share in the world from 18.2% in 2010 to 29.8%. Japan and South Korea accounted for 5.9% and 2.8% of the world’s manufacturing added value, respectively, and played an important role in the Asian manufacturing industry chain supply chain system. At the same time, in Southeast Asia, Vietnam, relying on its labor cost advantage, has actively undertaken industrial transfer and achieved rapid growth in the added value of the manufacturing industry, from US $15.01 billion in 2010 to US $48.16 billion in 2021, but its proportion in the world is only about 0.3% at present. In South Asia, the added value of Indian manufacturing industry has also increased, from US $285.35 billion in 2010 to US $446.5 billion in 2021, accounting for 2.7% of the added value of global manufacturing industry.